10% Niacinamide (Vitamin B3) – reduces dark spots, improves tone, strengthens skin barrier

Amino-Sulfonic Acid (HEPES) – exfoliates gently to refine skin texture

Glycerin – hydrates and maintains skin moisture balance

Panthenol (Vitamin B5) – soothes and protects skin

Tocopherol (Vitamin E) – antioxidant support